Великий китайский файрвол - Джеймс Гриффитс
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36
G. Walton, China’s Golden Shield: corporations and the development of surveillance technology in the People’s Republic of China, Montreal: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 2001, https://web.archive.org/web/20020206170828/http://www.ichrdd.ca/english/commdoc/publications/globalization/goldenShieldEng.html
37
J. Goldsmith and T. Wu, Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a borderless world, New York NY: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 93.
38
Интервью автора с Майклом Робинсоном, январь 2018 г.
39
D. Sheff, ‘Betting on bandwidth’, Wired, 1 February 2002, https://www.wired.com/2001/02/tian/
40
Evolution of Internet in China, China Education and Research Network, 2001, https://web.archive.org/web/20061125232222/http://www.edu.cn/introduction_1378/20060323/t20060323_4285.shtml
41
Sheff, ‘Betting on bandwidth’.
42
Автор этой книги несколько раз беседовал с Ли Хункуанем с мая 2017 г. по февраль 2018 г. лично и по телефону.
43
Laris, ‘Internet police on the prowl in China’, The Washington Post, 24 October 1998.
44
На самом деле это словосочетание переводится как «новостной справочник», но тут заложена игра слов. Есть омоним слова «сяо», который означает «маленький». F. Blumberg, When East Meets West: media research and practice in US and China), Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007, pp. 67–68.
45
Q. He, The Fog of Censorship: media control in China, New York NY: Human Rights in China, 2008.
46
‘Sitrep no. 29: Article justifies martial law; PLA to use any and all means to enforce martial law; Defense minister appears, so does Li Peng; tension on Tiananmen Square’, US Embassy cable, 3 June 1989, https://wikileaks.com/plusd/cables/89BEIJING15407_a.html
47
G. Barme and S. Ye, ‘The Great Firewall of China’, Wired, 1 June 1997, https://www.wired.com/1997/06/china-3/
48
L. Hai, ‘Statement of Lin Hai, computer scientist, Shanghai, China’, Congressional-Executive Commission on China, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-107hhrg83512/html/CHRG-107hhrg83512.htm
49
G. Epstein, ‘Cat and mouse’, The Economist, 6 April 2013, https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21574629-how-china-makes-sure-its-internet-abides-rules-cat-and-mouse
50
M. Chase and J. Mulvenon, You’ve Got Dissent! Chinese dissident use of the internet and Beijing’s counter-strategies, Santa Monica CA: Rand Corporation, 2002, p. 54, https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1543.html
51
K. Platt, ‘China hits at e-mail to curb dissent’, The Christian Science Monitor, 31 December 1998, https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/1231/123198.intl.intl.1.html
52
C. Smith, ‘China sentences internet entrepreneur for trading e-mail list with dissidents’, The Wall Street Journal, 21 January 1999, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB916818019827637500
53
Smith, ‘China sentences internet entrepreneur’.
54
Barme and Ye, ‘The Great Firewall of China’.
55
S. Lubman, ‘China convicts Tiananmen Spring dissidents’, UPI, 5 January 1991, http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/01/05/China-convicts-Tiananmen-Spring-dissidents/1900663051600/
56
M. Farley, ‘China is abuzz over openness’, Los Angeles Times, 30 June 1998, http://articles.latimes.com/1998/jun/30/news/mn-65084
57
‘Wei Jingsheng released’, Human Rights Watch, 16 November 1997, https://www.hrw.org/news/1997/11/16/wei-jingsheng-released
58
‘UN treaty bodies and China’, Human Rights in China, https://www.hrichina.org/en/un-treaty-bodies-and-china
59
J. Goldsmith and T. Wu, Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a borderless world, New York NY: Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 90–1.
60
‘China dissidents add branches to banned opposition party’, Los Angeles Times, 5 February 1999, http://articles.latimes.com/1999/feb/05/news/mn-5115
61
Chase and Mulvenon, You’ve Got Dissent! p. 12.
62
P. Pan, ‘Wang Youcai arrives in Rhode Island after stop in San Francisco’, The Washington Post, 5 March 2004, https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/China-frees-Tiananmen-dissident-Wang-Youcai-2814286.php
63
China: nipped in the bud. The suppression of the China Democracy Party, New York NY: Human Rights Watch, 2000, https://www.hrw.org/report/2000/09/01/china-nipped-bud/suppression-china-democracy-party; J. Gittings, The Changing Face of China: from Mao to market, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
64
‘Permanent normal trade relations with China’ [video], C-SPAN, 8 March 2000, https://www.c-span.org/video/?155905-1/permanent-normal-trade-relations-china&start=1849
65
J. Green, ‘China bashing on the campaign trail’), Bloomberg, 17 November 2011, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-17/china-bashing-on-the-campaign-trail
66
D. Ownby, Falun Gong and the Future of China, New York NY: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 171–2.
67
I. Johnson, Wild Grass: three stories of change in modern China, New York NY: Pantheon Books, 2004, pp. 248–9; T. Crowell and D. Hsieh, ‘Tremors of discontent’, Asiaweek, 1999, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/99/0507/nat1.html; интервью автора с адептом «Фалуньгун» и участником демонстрации Ши Цайдуном, сентябрь 2017 г.
68
Johnson, Wild Grass, pp. 248–9.
69
Ownby, Falun Gong and the Future of China, p. 180.
70
J. Zittrain and B. Edelman, ‘Empirical analysis of internet filtering in China’, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, 2003, https://cyber.harvard.edu/filtering/china/; ‘Freedom on the net: China’, Freedom House, 2012, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/china
71
D. Bamman, B. O’Connor and N. Smith, ‘Censorship and deletion practices in Chinese social media’, First Monday 17, no. 3–5 (2012), http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3943/3169; N. Kristof, ‘Banned in Beijing!’, The New York Times, 22 January 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/opinion/23kristof.html
72
Экскурс в историю «Фалуньгун» приводится по материалам книг Оунби «“Фалуньгун” и будущее Китая» (Falun Gong and the Future of China) и Д. Палмера «Цигуномания: совершенствование тела, наука и утопия в Китае» (D. Palmer, Qigong Fever: body, science and utopia in China, New York NY: Columbia University Press).
73
Ownby, Falun Gong and the Future of China.
74
Palmer, Qigong Fever, p. 1.
75
По китайским источникам, Ли родился 27 июля 1952 года, но сам он утверждает, что его настоящая дата рождения – 13 мая 1951 года, просто во время культурной революции в регистрационных документах произошла путаница. Однако в книге Дэвида Оунби автор напоминает, что
