Новые законы робототехники. Апология человеческих знаний в эпоху искусственного интеллекта - Фрэнк Паскуале
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294
Craig Silverman, “Facebook Is Turning to Fact-Checkers to Fight Fake News,” BuzzFeed News, December 15, 2016, https://www.buzz-feed.com/craigsilverman/facebook-and-fact-checkers-fight-fake-news?utm_term=.phQiyoOexV#.sn4XJ8ZoLA.
295
Timothy В. Lee, “Facebook Should Crush Fake News the Way Google Crushed Spammy Content Farms,” Vox, December 8, 2016, http://www.vox.eom/new-money/2 016/12/8/13 8759 6o/facebook-fake-news-google.
296
Safiya Umoja Noble, Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism (New York: New York University Press, 2018); Carole Cad-walladr, “Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search,” Guardian, December 4,2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ 20i6/dec/o4/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook.
297
Manoel Horta Ribeiro, Raphael Ottoni, Robert West, Virgilio A. F. Almeida, and Wagner Meira Jr., “Auditing Radicalization Pathways on YouTube,” arXivngoS.08313 (2019), https://arxiv.org/abs/ 1908.08313.
298
Evan Osnos, “Can Mark Zuckerberg Fix Facebook before It Breaks Democracy?” New Yorker, September 10, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/ magazine/2018/09/17/can-mark-zuckerberg-fix-facebook-before-it-breaks-democracy.
299
James Bridle, “Something Is Wrong on the Internet,” Medium, https://medium. com/(3;j amesbridle/some thing-is – wrong-on – the – internet-c39C47i27id2.
300
James Bridle, New Dark Age (New York: Verso, 2018), 230.
301
Max Fisher and Amanda Taub, “On YouTube’s Digital Playground, an Open Gate for Pedophiles,” New York Times, June 3, 2019, https://www. ny times. com/2019/0 6/03/world/americas/you tube – pedophiles. html.
302
Frank Pasquale, “Reclaiming Egalitarianism in the Political Theory of Campaign Finance Reform,” University of Illinois Law Review (2008): 599–660.
303
Rebecca Hersher, “What Happened When Dylann Roof Asked Google for Information about Race?” Houston Public Media, January 10, 2017, http://www.h0ust0npublicmedia.0rg/npr/2017/01/10/508363607/ what-happened-when-dylann-roof-asked-google-for-information-ab out-race/.
304
Hiroko Tabuchi, “How Climate Change Deniers Rise to the Top in Google Searches,” New York Times, December 9, 2017, https://www. nytimes.com/2017/12/29/climate/google-search-climate-change.html.
305
Noble, Algorithms of Oppression.
306
Cadwalladr, “Google, Democracy and the Truth.”
307
Ben Guarino, “Google Faulted for Racial Bias in Image Search Results for Black Teenagers,” Washington Post, June 10, 2016, https:// www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/o6/1o/ google-faulted-for-racial-bias-in-image-search-results-for-black-teenagers/?utm_term=.ia3595bb8624; также см.: Tom Simonite, “When It Comes to Gorillas, Google Photos Remains Blind,” Wired, January 11, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/when-it-comes-to-gorillas-google-photos-remains-blind/. О более значительной проблеме см.: Aylin Caliskan, Joanna J. Bryson, and Arvind Nar-arayan, “Semantics Derived Automatically from Language Corpora Contain Human-Like Biases,” Science 356 (2017): 183–186.
308
Annalee Newitz, “Opinion: A Better Internet Is Waiting for Us,” New York Times, November 30, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interac-tive/2019/11/30/opinion/social-media-future.html.
309
Ibid.
310
“Preamble,” The Syllabus, accessed May 15, 2020, https://the-sylla-bus.com/preamble-mission/; Maurits Martijn, “The Most Important Technology Critic in the World Was Tired of Knowledge Based on Clicks. So He Built an Antidote,” Correspondent, March 26, 2020, https://thecorrespondent.com/369/the-most-important-technology-critic-in-the-world-was-tired-of-knowledge-based-on-clicks-so-he-built-an-antidote/789698745-92d7coee.
311
Я заимствую термин «инфодемия» из работы: Kate Starbird, “How to Cope with an Infodemic,” Brookings TechStream, April 27, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/how-to-cope-with-an-infodemic/.
312
Tim Wu, The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age (New York: Columbia Global Reports, 2019); Matt Stoller, Sarah Miller, and Zephyr Teachout, Addressing Facebook and Google’s Harms Through a Regulated Competition Approach, White Paper of the American Economic Liberties Project (2020).
313
Sanjukta Paul, “Antitrust as Allocator of Coordination Rights,” University of California at Los Angeles Law Review 67 (2020), 378–431.
314
Cat Ferguson, “Searching for Help,” Verge, September 7, 2017, https:// www.theverge.com/2017/9/7/16257 412/rehabs-near-me-google-search-scam-florida-treatment-centers.
315
Эндрю Макафи и Эрик Бриньолфсон, Машина, платформа, толпа: наше цифровое будущее (Москва: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2019).
316
David Dayen, “Google Is So Big, It Is Now Shaping Policy to Combat the Opioid Epidemic: And It’s Screwing It Up,” Intercept, October 17, 2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/1o/17/google-search-drug-use-opioid-epidemic/.
317
Ferguson, “Searching for Help”; Dayen, “Google Is So Big.”
318
2017 Fla. Laws 173 (codified at Fla. Stat. § § 397.55, 501.605, 501.606, 8170345)•
319
Ryan Singel, “Feds Pop Google for $50oM for Canadian Pill Ads,” Wired, August 24, 2011, https://www.wired.com/20n/o8/google-drug-fine/.
320
Drew Harwell, “Al Will Solve Facebook’s Most Vexing Problems, Mark Zuckerberg Says. Just Don’t Ask When or How,” Washington Post, April 11, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/04/n/ai-will-solve-facebooks-most-vexing-problems-mark-zuckerberg-says-just-dont-ask-when-or-how/?utm_term=. аоаусз4оас66.
321
Instagram, “Community Guidelines,” https://help.instagram.com/ 477434105621119; см. также: Sarah Jeong, “I Tried Leaving Facebook. I Couldn’t,” Verge, April 28, 2018, https://www.theverge. com/2018/4/28/17293056/facebook-deletefacebook-social-network-monopoly.
322
Joel Ross, Lilly Irani, M. Six Silberman, Andrew Zaldivar, and Bill Tomlinson, “Who Are the Crowdworkers? Shifting Demographics in Mechanical Turk,” CHI EA To: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2010), 2863–2872.
323
Jaron Lanier, You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto (New York: Knopf, 2010).
324
Julia Powles, “The Case That Won’t Be Forgotten,” Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 47 (2015): 583–615; Frank Pasquale, “Reforming the Law of Reputation,” Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 47 (2015): 515-539.
325
Michael Hiltzik, “President Obama Schools Silicon Valley CEOs on Why Government Is Not Like Business,” Los Angeles Times, October 17, 2016, https://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-obama-silicon-valley-20161017-snap-story.html.
326
Case C-131/12, Google Spain SL v. Agencia Espanola de Proteccion de Datos (AEPD), (May 13, 2014), http://curia.europa.eu/juris/docu-ment/document.jsf?text=&docid=152065&doclang=EN.
