Новые законы робототехники. Апология человеческих знаний в эпоху искусственного интеллекта - Фрэнк Паскуале
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181
Vinayak К. Prasad and Adam S. Gifu, Ending Medical Reversal: Improving Outcomes, Saving Lives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015).
182
Xue Yujie, “Camera above the Classroom: Chinese Schools Are Using Facial Recognition on Students. But Should They?” Sixth Tone, March 26, 2019, http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1oo3759/camera-above-the-classroom.
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Xue Yujie, “Camera above the Classroom.” См. также: Louise Moon, “Pay Attention at the Back: Chinese School Installs Facial Recognition Cameras to Keep An Eye on Pupils,” South China Morning Post, May 16, 2018, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2146387/ pay-attention-back-chinese-school-installs-facial-recognition.
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“Notice of the State Council Issuing the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Development Plan,” State Council Document [2017] No. 35, trans. Flora Sapio, Weiming Chen, and Adrian Lo, Foundation for Law and International Affairs, https://flia.org/wp-con-tent/uploads/2017/07/A-New-Generation-of-Artificial-Intelligence-Development-Plan-i.pdf.
185
Melissa Korn, “Imagine Discovering That Your Teaching Assistant Really Is a Robot,” Wall Street Journal, May 6, 2016, http://www.wsj. com/articles/if-your-teacher-sounds-like-a-robot-you-might-be-on-to-something-1462546621.
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IBM примерно так же определяла функцию системы Watson для юристов и врачей – преимущественно в качестве инструмента уже работающих специалистов, а не машины, которая их заменяет.
187
Tamara Lewin, “After Setbacks, Online Courses Are Rethought,” Kew York Times, December 10, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/ us/after-setbacks-online-courses-are-rethought.html.
188
Neil Selwyn, Distrusting Education Technology: Critical Questions for Changing Times (New York: Routledge 2014), 125.
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David F. Labaree, “Public Goods, Private Goods: The American Struggle over Educational Goals,” American Educational Research Journal 34, no. i (Spring 1997): 39, 46; Danielle Allen, “What is Education For?” Boston Review, May 9, 2016, http://bostonreview.net/forum/ danielle-allen-what-education.
190
US Department of Education, “Education Department Releases College Scorecard to Help Students Choose Best College for Them,” press release, February 13, 2013, https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/ education-department-releases-college-scorecard-help-students-choose-best-college-them.
191
Claudia D. Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, The Race Between Education and Technology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).
192
Charles Taylor, Human Agency and Language: Philosophical Papers, vol. i (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
193
Jane Mansbridge, “Everyday Talk in the Deliberative System,” in Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement, ed. by Stephen Macedo (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 1-211.
194
Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (New York: Oxford University Press 2006).
195
Nikhil Goyal, Schools on Trial: How Freedom and Creativity Can Fix Our Educational Malpractice (New York: Doubleday, 2016).
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Audrey Watters, “The Monsters of Education Technology,” Hack Education (blog), December 1, 2014, http://hackeducation.com/ 2014/12/01/the-monsters-of-education-technology.
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Stephen Petrina, “Sidney Pressey and the Automation of Education 1924–1934,” Technology and Culture 45 (2004): 305–330.
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Sidney Pressey, “A Simple Apparatus Which Gives Tests and Scores – And Teaches,” School and Society 23 (1926): 373–376.
199
B. F. Skinner, The Technology of Teaching, e-book ed. (1968; repr., Cambridge, MA: B. F. Skinner Foundation, 2003), PDF.
200
Audrey Watters, “Teaching Machines,” Hack Education (blog), April 26, 2018, http://hackeducati0n.com/2018/04/26/cuny-gc.
201
Natasha Dow Schiill, Addiction by Design (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012).
202
Rowan Tulloch and Holly Eva Katherine Randell-Moon, “The Politics of Gamification: Education, Neoliberalism and the Knowledge Economy,” Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies 40, no. 3 (2018): 204–226.
203
Tristan Harris, “How Technology Is Hijacking Your Mind – From a Magician and Google Design Ethicist,” Medium, May 18, 2016, htt-ps://medium.com/swlh/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds-from-a-magician-and-google-s-design-ethicist-56d62ef5edf3#. ryse2C3rl.
204
Kate Darling, “Extending Legal Protection to Social Robots: The Effects of Anthropomorphism, Empathy and Violent Behavior towards Robotic Objects,” in Robot Law, ed. Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin, and Ian Kerr (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2016), 213–233.
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Hashimoto Takuya, Naoki Kato, and Hiroshi Kobayashi, “Development of Educational System with the Android Robot SAYA and Evaluation,” International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 8, no. 3 (2011): 51–61.
206
Ibid., 52.
207
Ibid., 60.
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Hashimoto Takuya, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Alex Polishuk, and Igor Verner, “Elementary Science Lesson Delivered by Robot,” Proceedings of the 8th ACM /IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (March 2013): 133–134; Patricia Alves-Oliveira, Tiago Ribeiro, Sofia Petisca, Eugenio di Tullio, Francisco S. Melo, and Ana Paiva, “An Empathic Robotic Tutor for School Classrooms: Considering Expectation and Satisfaction of Children as End-Users,” in Social Robotics: International Conference on Social Robotics, eds. Adriana Tapus, Elisabeth Andre, Jean-Claude Martin, Francois Ferland, and Mehdi Ammi (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2015), 21–30.
209
Neil Selwyn, Should Robots Replace Teachers? (Medford, MA: Polity Press, 2019).
210
Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment Characteristics of Families Summary,” news release, April 18, 2019, https://www.bls.gov/news. release/famee.nro.htm. У 63 % детей младше 18 лет в 2018 г. оба родителя работали.
211
Noel Sharkey and Amanda Sharkey, “The Crying Shame of Robot Nannies: An Ethical Appraisal,” Interaction Studies 11 (2010): 161–163.
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Amanda J. C. Sharkey, “Should We Welcome Robot Teachers?” Ethics and Information Technology 18 (2016): 283–297. Обсуждение возможных иллюзий людей, взаимодействующих с ботами, см. в: Ian Kerr, “Bots, Babes and the Californication of Commerce” Ottawa Law and Technology Journal 1 (2004): 285–325, где обсуждается аватара ElleGirlBuddy.
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Это воспитание чувств, позволяющее согласиться с тем, что ИИ обладает определенной личностью, является, с моей точки зрения, ключом к пониманию
