Wiki-правительство: Как технологии могут сделать власть лучше, демократию – сильнее, а граждан – влиятельнее - Бет Новек

2. Sealed crustless sandwich, U. S. Patent 6004596 (filed December 8, 1977; rejected in reexamination December 16, 2003).

3. U. S. Constitution, Article I, sec. 8, cl. 8.

4. U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Performance and Accountability Report Fiscal Year 2007” (www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/annual/2007/2007annualreport. pdf [July 2008]), p. 13.

5. См., например: Bioinformatic transaction scheme, U. S. Patent 20080208916 (filed May 1, 2008); Basic poetry generation, U. S. Patent 7,184,949 (filed May 10, 2002).

6. USPTO, Patent Examiner Qualifications (www.uspto.gov/go/ac/ahrpa/ohr/jobs/qualifications.htm [July 2008]).

7. Согласно Code of Federal Regulations 37, sec. 1.56 (известно как Правило 56), заявитель обязан действовать искренне и добросовестно, сообщая информацию в Бюро патентов. Это означает, что он должен раскрыть информацию об известном уровне техники, но не обязан искать ее.

8. Patent Act, 37 U. S. C., sec. 102 (2000) (novelty as a requirement of patentability).

9. Письмо Томаса Джефферсона Джозефу Хатчинсону от 12 марта 1791 г. См.: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 19, edited by Julian P. Boyd (Princeton University Press, 1974), p. 614.

10. USPTO website (www.uspto.gov/go/cio/oitp/[September 29, 2008]).

11. USPTO, “Patent Public Advisory Committee Meeting: Public Session, Feb. 9, 2007” (www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/advisory/acrobat/ppac_transcript_020907.pdf [August 2008]), pp. 13–15. См. также: U. S. Government Accountability Office, “Intellectual Property: USPTO Has Made Progress in Hiring Examiners, but Challenges to Retention Remain,” GAO-05–720 (2005), p. 28 («В зависимости от типа патента и уровня квалификации эксперт, как ожидается, может обработать в среднем 87 заявок в год, потратив 19 часов на каждую»)Kevin Maney, “Patent Applications So Abundant That Examiners Can’t Catch Up,” USA Today, September 21, 2005, p. B3.

12. Это число планируется довести до 1,4 млн в 2012 г. См.: USPTO, “Strategic Report 2007–12” (www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/strat 2007/stratplan20072007–2012.pdf [August 2008]), p. 11.

13. Federal News Radio, interview with John Doll, June 15, 2007 (www.federalnewsradio.com).

14. World Intellectual Property Organization, The World Patent Report: A Statistical Review (Brussels: United Nations, 2008), p. 23.

15. Solar Navigator.net, “IMDB: The Internet Movie Data Base” (www.solarnavigator.net/films_movies_actors/imdb_internet_movie_data_base.htm [September 2008]).

16. Oh My News International (english.ohmynews.com/index.asp [September 2008]).

17. Moon Ihlwan, “In Korea, NHN Makes Google a Midget,” Business Week Online, September 9, 2008 (www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/sep2008/gb2008095_505433.htm [September 2008]).

18. Asa Dotzler, “180 Million Firefox Users: Great Birthday Present,” June 5, 2008 (weblogs.mozillazine.org/asa/archives/2008/06/180million_fir.html [October 15, 2008]).

19. Beth S. Noveck, “Peer-to-Patent: A Modest Proposal,” July 14, 2005 (cairns.typepad.com/blog/2005/07/index.html [July 2005]).

20. Daniel Terdiman, “Web Could Unclog Patent Backlog,” July 14, 2005 (www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/07/68186 [October 2008]).

21. 2007 IBM Annual Report (www.ibm.com/annualreport/2007 [March 2008]).

22. James Bessen and Michael J. Meurer, Patent Failure (Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 22.

23. Linda S. Sanford, Let Go to Grow (New York: Prentice-Hall Professional Technical Reference, 2006), p. 4. Сэнфорд подсчитала, что лишь 16 % из 1008 крупных компаний смогли выжить за 36 лет – с 1962 по 1998 г.

24. USPTO Official Gazette Notice, “Pilot Concerning Public Submission of Peer Reviewed Prior Art,” June 26, 2007 (www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/ dapp/opla/preognotice/peerreviewpilot.pdf [October 2008]).

25. Nicholas Varchaver, “Patent Review Goes Wiki,” Fortune, August 16, 2006, p. 18; Alan Sipress, “Open Call from the Patent Office,” Washington Post, March 5, 2007, p. A1.

26. Peer-to-Patent website (www.peertopatent.org).

27. “Peer-to-Patent First Anniversary Report” (June 2008) (dotank.nyls.edu/communitypatent/P2Panniversaryreport.pdf [September 2008]), p. 6.

28. Carl J. Schramm and Robert E. Litan, “The Growth Solution,” American (July/August 2008): 3.

29. Jonathan Schwartz, “ZFS Puts Net App Viability at Risk?”. October 24, 2007 (blogs.sun.com/jonathan/entry/harvesting_from_a_troll [October 2008]).

30. Barack Obama, “Science, Technology, and Innovation for a New Generation,” November 14, 2007 (www.brackobama.com/pdf/issues/technology/fact_sheet_innovation_and_technology.pdf [October 2008]).

31. U. S. Chamber of Commerce, “Recommendations for Consideration by the Incoming Administration” (Washington: 2008), p. 7.

32. Jay Rosen, “The Future of Professionally Created Content,” Legal Futures Conference, Stanford University, March 8, 2008.

33. “Evolution of Security” (www.tsa.gov/blog [September 2008]).

34. Eric Schmidt, “Technology, Economic Growth, and Open Government,” New America Foundation, November 18, 2008 (www.newamerica.net/events/2008/eric_schmidt).

35. Thomas A. Kalil, “Leveraging Cyberspace,” IEEE Communications Magazine, July 1996, pp. 82–86.

36. Don Tapscott and Anthony Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything (New York: Portfolio, 2006).

37. IBM, “Majority of Global CEOs Plan Fundamental Change and Expect New Forms of Innovation to Drive Growth, According to IBM Study,” news release, March 1, 2006 (www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/19289.wss [October 2008]).

38. IBM Social Computing, “World Jam” (www.research.ibm.com/Social-Computing/WorldJam.htm [September 2008]); IBM, “IBM Invests $100 Millionin Collaborative Innovation Ideas,” news release, November 14, 2006 (www.03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/20605.wss [October 2008]).

39. Karim R. Lakhani and Jill A. Panetta, “The Principles of Distributed Innovation,” Innovations 2 (2007): 97–112.

40. Jeff Howe, “The Rise of Crowdsourcing,” Wired 14.06, June 2006 (www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html [December 2008]), pp. 1–4; Jeff Howe, Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd Is Driving the Future of Business (New York: Crown Business, 2008), pp. 63–70.

41. Tapscott and Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything.

Глава 2

1. Max Weber, Essays in Sociology, edited by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (Oxford: Routledge, 1991), p. 216.

2. J. B. Ruhl and James Salzman, “In Defense of Regulatory Peer Review,” Washington University Law Review 84 (2006): 1–61.

3. Philip E. Tetlock, Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know? (Princeton University Press, 2005), p. 20.

4. Ibid., p. 15.

5. Scott E. Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton University Press, 2007).

6. Joaquin Sapien, “Industry-Packed Federal Advisory Board Told DOE to Double U. S. Coal Consumption,” May 19, 2008 (www.propublica.org/article [October 2008]).

7. Sonya Lunder and Jane Houlihan, “EPA Axes Panel Chair at Request of Chemical Industry Lobbyists,” March 2008 (www.ewg.org/reports/decaconflict [October 2008]).

8. Union of Concerned Scientists, “Restoring Scientific Integrity in Policymaking: Scientists Sign-On Statement” (www.ucsusa.org/scientific_integrity/abuses_of_science.html [October 2008]).

9. Union of Concerned Scientists, “Interference at EPA: Science and Politics at the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,” April 23, 2008 (www.ucsusa.org/EPAscience [October 2008]).

10. Chris Mooney, The Republican War on Science (New York: Basic Books, 2005).

11. Government in the Sunshine Act, P. L. 409, 94th Cong. (September 13, 1976).

12. John Ashcroft, Memorandum for All Heads of Departments and Agencies, “The Freedom of Information Act,” October 12, 2001.

13. Sunshine Week, “More People See Federal Government as Secretive; Nearly All Want to Know Where Candidates Stand on Transparency,” March 15, 2008 (www.sunshineweek.org/sunshineweek/secrecypoll08 [October 2008]); Gup, Nation of Secrets: The Threat to Democracy and the American Way of Life (New York: Doubleday, 2007).

14. Amanda Terkel, “Bush Administration Hides More Data, Shuts Down Website Tracking U. S. Economic Indicators,” February 13, 2008 (www.thinkprogress.org/2008/02/13/economic-indicators [October 2008]).

15. Paul Kiel, “Bush Admin: What You Don’t Know Can’t Hurt Us, 2007 Version” November 23, 2007 (www.tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/004766.php [October 2008]).

16. Ibid.

17. American Inventors Protection Act, P. L. 113, 106th Cong. (November 29, 1999).

18. U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, sec. 904.02 (c) (8th ed., 2001) («Эта политика также распространяется на использование Интернета в качестве средства связи для подключения к коммерческой базе данных провайдера») U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Patent Internet Usage Policy,” 64 Federal Register (June 21, 1999), p. 33060.

19. Carrotmob (www.carrotmob.org [October 2008]).

20. Obama Works (www.whyobamaworks.org [October 2008]).

21. Tech for Obama (www.techforobama.com [October 2008]).

22. Silicon Valley for Obama (www.sv4obama.com [October 2008]).

23. WashingtonWatch (www.washingtonwatch.com [October 2008]).

24. OpenSecrets (www.opensecrets.org [September 2008]); Fundrace (http://fundrace.huffingtonpost.com [October 2008]).

25. PublicMarkup (www.publicmarkup.org [October 2008]); см. также: Ellen Miller, “You Can Markup the Bills on the Mortgage Industry Bail Out,” September 22, 2008 (blog.sunlightfoundation.com/2008/09/22 [October 2008]).

26. MapLight (www.maplight.org [October 2008]).

27. Connecticut Policy and Economic Council (www.city-scan.org [October 2008]).

28. Frank Richard Cowell, The Athenaeum: Club and Social Life in London, 1824–1974 (London: Heinemann, 1975).

29. Stephen M. Kosslyn, “On the Evolution of Human Motivation: The Role of Social Prosthetic Systems,” in Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience, edited by S. M. Platek, T. K. Shackelford, and J. P. Keenan (MIT Press, 2006); A. W. Wooley and others, “Using Brain-Based Measures to Compose Teams: How Individual Capabilities and Team Collaboration Strategies Jointly Shape Performance,” Social Neuroscience 2 (2007): 96–105.

30. Edward Day Collins, “Committees of Correspondence of the American Revolution,” Annual Report of the American Historical Association (1901): 245–271.

31. Harvey Anderson, “Intellectual Property and Free Expression,” лекция, Stanford University, May 27, 2008 (примечания в тексте сделаны автором).

32. Mitchell Baker, Mozilla Foundation chairman of the board, “Summer 2008 Goals,” May 14, 2008 (blog.lizardwrangler.com/2008/05/14 [October 2008]).

33. “Energy Bill Bans Incandescent Lightbulbs.” Более полную информацию о ртутьсодержащих лампах см. на сайте EPA 16. Ibid.

17. American Inventors Protection Act, P. L. 113, 106th Cong. (November 29, 1999).

18. U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, sec. 904.02 (c) (8th ed., 2001) («Эта политика также распространяется на использование Интернета в качестве средства связи для подключения к коммерческой базе данных провайдера») U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Patent Internet Usage Policy,” 64 Federal Register (June 21, 1999), p. 33060.

19. Carrotmob (www.carrotmob.org [October 2008]).

20. Obama Works (www.whyobamaworks.org [October 2008]).

21. Tech for Obama (www.techforobama.com [October 2008]).

22. Silicon Valley for Obama (www.sv4obama.com [October 2008]).

23. WashingtonWatch (www.washingtonwatch.com [October 2008]).

24. OpenSecrets (www.opensecrets.org [September 2008]); Fundrace (http://fundrace.huffingtonpost.com [October 2008]).

25. PublicMarkup (www.publicmarkup.org [October 2008]); см. также: Ellen Miller, “You Can Markup the Bills on the Mortgage Industry Bail Out,” September 22, 2008 (blog.sunlightfoundation.com/2008/09/22 [October 2008]).

26. MapLight (www.maplight.org [October 2008]).

27. Connecticut Policy and Economic Council (www.city-scan.org [October 2008]).

28. Frank Richard Cowell, The Athenaeum: Club and Social Life in London, 1824–1974 (London: Heinemann, 1975).

29. Stephen M. Kosslyn, “On the Evolution of Human Motivation: The Role of Social Prosthetic Systems,” in Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience, edited by S. M. Platek, T. K. Shackelford, and J. P. Keenan (MIT Press, 2006); A. W. Wooley and others, “Using Brain-Based Measures to Compose Teams: How Individual Capabilities and Team Collaboration Strategies Jointly Shape Performance,” Social Neuroscience 2 (2007): 96–105.

30. Edward Day Collins, “Committees of Correspondence of the American Revolution,” Annual Report of the American Historical Association (1901): 245–271.

31. Harvey Anderson, “Intellectual Property and Free Expression,” лекция, Stanford University, May 27, 2008 (примечания в тексте сделаны автором).

32. Mitchell Baker, Mozilla Foundation chairman of the board, “Summer 2008 Goals,” May 14, 2008 (blog.lizardwrangler.com/2008/05/14 [October 2008]).

33. “Energy Bill Bans Incandescent Lightbulbs.” Более полную информацию о ртутьсодержащих лампах см. на сайте EPA

46. Diana C. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 2006).

47. Cass Sunstein, Why Societies Need Dissent (Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 118.

48. Ann Macintosh and Stephen Coleman, “Promise and Problems of EDemocracy: Challenges of Online Citizen Engagement” (Paris: OECD, 2003).

49. Peter M. Shane, ed., Democracy Online: The Prospects for Political Renewal through the Internet (New York: Routledge, 2004).

50. Karen Czapanskiy and Rashida Manjoo, “The Right of Public Participation in the Law-Making Process and the Role of the Legislature in the Promotion of This Right,” University of Maryland School of Law Legal Studies 42 (2008): 31.

51. Alexander Meiklejohn, Political Freedom: The Constitutional Powers of the People (New York: Harper, 1960).

52. Edward Wyatt with Charles V. Bagli, “Visions of Ground Zero: The Public; Officials Rethink Building Proposal for Ground Zero,” New York Times, July 21, 2002, p. A1.