Down and Out in Paris and London - George Orwell

smoke for half an hour rather than strike a match.

   Self-pity was the clue to his character. The thought of

his bad luck never seemed to leave him for an instant. He

would break long silences to exclaim, apropos of nothing,

"It's hell when yer clo'es begin to go up de spout, eh?" or

"Dat tay in de spike ain't tay, it's piss," as though there

was nothing else in the world to think about. And he had a

low, worm-like envy of anyone who was better off-not of

the rich, for they were beyond his social horizon, but of

men in work. He pined for work as an artist pines to be

famous. If he saw an old man working he would say

bitterly, "Look at dat old keepin' able-bodied men out o'

work"; or if it was a boy, "It's dem young devils what's

takin' de bread out of our mouths." And all foreigners to

him were "dem bloody dagoes"-for, according to his

theory, foreigners were responsible for unemployment.

   He looked at women with a mixture of longing and

hatred. Young, pretty women were too much above him to

enter into his ideas, but his mouth watered at prostitutes.

A couple of scarlet-lipped old creatures would go past;

Paddy's face would flush pale pink, and he would turn and

stare hungrily after the women. "Tarts!" he would

murmur, like a boy at a sweetshop window. He told me

once that he had not had to do with a woman for two

years-since he had lost his job, that is-and he had

forgotten that one could aim higherthan prostitutes.

He had the regular character of a tramp-abject, envious,

a jackal's character.

   Nevertheless, he was a good fellow, generous by nature

and capable of sharing his last crust with a friend;

indeed he did literally share his last crust with me

more than once. He was probably capable of work too, if

he had been well fed for a few months. But two years of

bread and margarine had lowered his standards hopelessly.

He had lived on this filthy imitation of food till his own

mind and body were compounded of inferior stuff. It was

malnutrition and not any native vice that had destroyed

his manhood.

                    XXIX

ON the way to Edbury I told Paddy that I had a friend

from whom I could be sure of getting money, and

suggested going straight into London rather than face

another night in the spike. But Paddy had not been in

Edbury spike recently, and, tramp-like, he would not

waste a night's free lodging. We arranged to go into

London the next morning. I had only a halfpenny, but

Paddy had two shillings, which would get us a bed each

and a few cups of tea.

   The Edbury spike did not differ much from the one at

Romton. The worst feature was that all tobacco was

confiscated at the gate, and we were warned that any man

caught smoking would be turned out at once. Under the

Vagrancy Act tramps can be prosecuted for smoking in the

spike-in fact, they can be prosecuted for almost anything;

but the authorities generally save the trouble of a

prosecution by turning disobedient men out of doors.

There was no work to do, and the cells were fairly

comfortable. We slept two in a cell,

"one up, one down"-that is, one on a wooden shelf and

one on the floor, with straw palliasses and plenty of

blankets, dirty but not verminous. The food was the same

as at Romton, except that we had tea instead of cocoa.

One could get extra tea in the morning, as the Tramp

Major was selling it at a halfpenny a mug, illicitly no

doubt. We were each given a hunk of bread and cheese to

take away for our midday meal.

   When we got into London we had eight hours to kill

before the lodging-houses opened. It is curious how one

does not notice things. I had been in London innumerable

times, and yet till that day I had never noticed one of the

worst things about London-the fact that it costs money

even to sit down. In Paris, if you had no money and could

not find a public bench, you would sit on the pavement.

Heaven knows what sitting on the pavement would lead to

in London-prison, probably. By four we had stood five

hours, and our feet seemed red-hot from the hardness of

the stones. We were hungry, having eaten our ration as

soon as we left the spike, and I was out of tobacco-it

mattered less to Paddy, who picked up cigarette ends. We

tried two churches and found them locked. Then we tried a

public library, but there were no seats in it.-As a last hope

Paddy suggested trying a Romton House; by the rules they

would not let us in before seven, but we might slip in

unnoticed. We walked up to the magnificent doorway (the

Rowton Houses really are magnificent) and very casually,

trying to look like regular lodgers, began to stroll in.

Instantly a man lounging in the doorway, a sharp-faced

fellow, evidently in some position of authority, barred the

way.

   "You men sleep 'ere last night?"

   "No."

   "Then-off."

   We obeyed, and stood two more hours on the street

corner. It was unpleasant, but it taught me not to use the

expression "street corner loafer," so I gained something

from it.

   At six we went to a Salvation Army shelter. We could

not book beds till eight and it was not certain that there

would be any vacant, but an official, who called us

"Brother," let us in on the condition that we paid for two

cups of tea. The main hall of the shelter was a great white-

washed barn of a place, oppressively clean and bare, with

no fires. Two hundred decentish, rather subdued-looking

people were sitting packed on long wooden benches. One

or two officers in uniform prowled up and down. On the

wall were pictures of General Booth, and notices

prohibiting cooking, drinking, spitting, swearing,

quarrelling and gambling. As a specimen of these notices,

here is one that I copied word for word:

"Any man found gambling or playing cards will be

expelled and will not be admitted under any

circumstances.

"A reward will be given for information leading to

the discovery of such persons.

"The officers in charge appeal to all lodgers to

assist them in keeping this hostel free from the

DETESTABLE EVIL OF GAMBLING."

   "Gambling or playing cards" is a delightful phrase.

   To my eye these Salvation Army shelters, though clean,

are far drearier than the worst of the common lodging-

houses. There is such a hopelessness about some of the

people there-decent, broken-down types who have pawned

their collars but are still trying for office jobs.

Coming to a Salvation Army shelter, where it is

at least clean, is their last clutch at respectability. At the

next table to me were two foreigners, dressed in rags

but manifestly gentlemen. They were playing chess

verbally, not even writing down the moves. One of them

was blind, and I heard them say that they had been

saving up for a long time to buy a board, price half a

crown, but could never manage it. Here and there were

clerks out of work, pallid and moody. Among a group of

them a tall, thin, deadly pale young man was talking

excitedly. He thumped his fist on the table and boasted

in a strange, feverish style. When the officers were out

of hearing he broke out into startling blasphemies

   "I tell you what, boys, I'm going to get that job to-

morrow. I'm not one of your bloody down-on-the-knee

brigade; I can look after myself. Look at that notice there!

'The Lord will provide!' A bloody lot He's ever provided me

with. You don't catch me trusting to the

  Lord. You

leave it to me, boys.

I'm going to get that job," etc. etc.

   I watched him, struck by the wild, agitated way in

which he talked; he seemed hysterical, or perhaps a little

drunk. An hour later I went into a small room, apart

from the main hall, which was intended for reading. It

had no books or papers in it, so few of the lodgers went

there. As I opened the door I saw the young clerk in there

all alone; he was on his knees, praying. Before I shut the

door again I had time to see his face, and it looked

agonised. Quite suddenly I realised, from the expression

of his face, that he was starving.

   The charge for beds was eightpence. Paddy and I had

fivepence left, and we spent it at the "bar," where food

was cheap, though not so cheap as in some common

lodging-houses. The tea appeared to be made

with tea

dust, which I fancy had been given to the

Salvation Army in charity, though they sold it at three-

halfpence a cup. It was foul stuff. At ten o'clock an

officer marched round the hall blowing a whistle.

Immediately everyone stood up.

   "What's this for?" I said to Paddy, astonished.

   "Dat means you has to go off to bed. An' you has to

look sharp about it, too."

   Obediently as sheep, the whole two hundred men

trooped off to bed, under the command of the officers.

   The dormitory was a great attic like a barrack room, with

sixty or seventy beds in it. They were clean and tolerably

comfortable, but very narrow and very close together, so

that one breathed straight into one's neighbour's face.

Two officers slept in the room, to see that there was no

smoking and no talking after lights-out. Paddy and I had

scarcely a wink of sleep, for there was a man near us

who had some nervous trouble, shellshock perhaps,

which made him cry out "Pip!" at irregular intervals. It

was a loud, startling noise, something like the toot of a

small motor-horn. You never knew when it was coming,

and it was a sure preventer of sleep. It appeared that Pip,

as the others called him, slept regularly in the shelter,

and he must have kept ten or twenty people awake every

night. He was an example of the kind of thing that

prevents one from ever getting enough sleep when men

are herded as they are in these lodging-houses.

   At seven another whistle blew, and the officers went

round shaking those who did not get up at once. Since

then I have slept in a number of Salvation Army

shelters, and found that, though the different houses

vary a little, this semi-military discipline is the same in

all of them. They are certainly cheap, but they are too

like workhouses for my taste. In some of them there is

even a compulsory religious service once or twice a week,

which the lodgers must attend or leave the house. The fact

is that the Salvation Army are so in the habit of thinking

themselves a charitable body that they cannot even run a

lodging-house without making it stink of charity.

   At ten I went to B.'s office and asked him to lend me a

pound. He gave me two pounds and told me to come again

when necessary, so that Paddy and I were free of money

troubles for a week at least. We loitered the day in

Trafalgar Square, looking for a friend of Paddy's who

never turned up, and at night went to a lodginghouse in a

back alley near the Strand. The charge was elevenpence,

but it was a dark, evil-smelling place, and a notorious

haunt of the "nancy boys." Downstairs, in the murky

kitchen, three ambiguous-looking youths in smartish blue

suits were sitting on a bench apart, ignored by the other

lodgers. I suppose they were "nancy boys." They looked

the same type as the apache boys one sees in Paris, except

that they wore no sidewhiskers. In front of the fire a fully

dressed man and a stark-naked man were bargaining. They

were newspaper sellers. The dressed man was selling his

clothes to the naked man. He said:

   "'Ere y'are, the best rig-out you ever 'ad. A tosheroon