Справедливость. Как поступать правильно? - Майкл Сэндел

“Extract from Jeremy Netham’s Ladt Will and Testament”, May 30, 1832 — на сайте Проекта Бентама, проводимого Лондонским университетом: www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/infor/will.htm.

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Эти и другие анекдоты собраны на сайте Проекта Бентама: www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/info/jb.htm.

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←77

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Ibid.

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Matthew Miller and Duncan Greenberg, “The Forbes 400”, Forbes, September 17, 2008 — www.forbes.com/2008/09/16/forbes-400-billionaure-lists-400list08_ex-MN-0917richamericans_land.html.

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Lawrence Michael, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007: An Economic Policy Institute Book, Ithaca, N.Y.: IRL Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007. Эти авторы используют данные, собранные Эдвардом Волффом (2006 г.) и размещенные на сайте www.stateofworkingamerica.org/tabfig/05/SWA06-05-Wealth.pdf. См. также Arthur B. Kennickel, “Currents and Undercurrents: Changes in Distribution of Wealth, 1989–2004”, Federal Reserce Board, Washington, D.C., January 30, 2006 — www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/papers/concentration.2004. 5.pdf.

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Frederick A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960).

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Фридман М. Капитализм и свобода. М.: Фонд «Либеральная миссия», 2006. — Прим. ред.

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Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), p. 188.

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Ibid., p. 111.

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←84

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Ibid., pp. 137–160.

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Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), p. ix.

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Ibid., pp. 149–160

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Ibid., pp. 160–164.

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Ibid., p. 169.

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Ibid., p. 172.

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←90

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Ibid., p. 171.

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Monica Davey, “Kevorkian Speaks After His Release from Prison”, New York Times, June 4, 2007.

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Mark Landler, “Eating People Is Wrong! But Is It Homicide? Court to Rule”, New York Times, December 26, 2003, p. A4.

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Mark Landler, “German Court Convicts Internet Cannibal of Manslaughter”, New York Times, January 31, 2004, p. A3; Tony Paterson, “Cannibal of Rothenburg Gets 8 Years for Eating a Willing Victim”, The Independent (London), January 31, 2004, p. 30.

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Luke Harding, “German Court Finds Cannibal Guilty of Murder”, The Guardian (London), May 10, 2006, p. 16.

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Karen Bale, “Killer Cannibal Becomes Veggie”, Scottish Daily Record, November 21, 2007, p. 20.

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James W. Geary, We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991), pp. 3–48; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 490–494.

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McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 600–611.

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Ibid.; Geary, We Need Men, pp. 103–150.

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McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 601; Geary, We Need Men, p. 83.

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Geary, We Need Men, p. 150; The Civil War: A Film by Ken Burns, episode 5, “The Universe of Battle”, chap. 8.

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Jeffrey M. Jones, “Vast Majority of Americans Opposed to Resinstating Military Draft”, Gallup News Service, September 7, 2007 — www.gallup.com/poll/28642/Vast-Majoprity-Americans-Opposed-Reinistituting-Military-Draft.aspx.

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Hon. Ron Paul (R-Texas), “3,000 American Deaths in Iraq”, U.S. House if Representatives, January 5, 2007 — www.ronpaullibrary.org/document.php?id=532.

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“Army Recruitment in FY 2008: A Look at Age, Race, Income, and Education of New Soldiers”, National Priorities Project; данные из диаграммы 6: Active-duty Army: Recruits by Neighborhood Income, 2005, 2007, 2008 – www.nationalpriorities.org/militaryrecruiting2008/active_duty_army/recruits_by_neighborhood_income.

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Ibid. В одном из исследований, выполненных Heritage Foundation, этот вывод ставят под сомнение главным образом посредством демонстрации того, что среди офицеров непропорционально много выходцев из более зажиточных почтовых районов. См. Shanea J. Watkins and James Sherk, “Who Serves in the U.S. Military? Demographic Characteristics of Enlisted Troops and Officers”, Heritage Center for Data Analysis, August 21, 2008 — www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSEcurity/cda08-05.cfm.

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“Military Recruitment 2008: Significant Gap in Army’s Quality and Quantity Goals”, National Priorities Project; данные из Таблицы 1: Educational Attainment, FY 2008 – www.nationalpriorities.org/militaryrecruiting2008/army2008eadttainment.

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David M. Kennedy, “The Wages of a Mercenary Army: Issues of Civil-Military Relations”, (Bulleting of the American Academy, Spring 2006): 12–16. Кеннеди цитирует Эндрю Бачевича: Andrew Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 28.

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Kathy Roth-Douquet and Frank Schaeffer, AWAOL: The Unexcused Absence of America’s Upper Classes from Military Services (New York: HarperCollins, 2006).

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Arielle Gorin, “Princeton, in the Nation’s Service?”, The Daily Princetonian, January 22, 2007. Количественные данные по Принстону взяты у Чарльза Москоса, социолога, изучающего военных. Москоса цитируют и в статье: Julian E. Barnes and Peter Spiegel, “Expanding the Military, Without a Draft”, Los Angeles Times, December 24, 2006.

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Газета USA Today сообщает, что, по данным Библиотеки Сената США, по меньшей мере у 9 из 535 членов Конгресса есть сыновья или дочери, которые несут службу в Ираке. См. Kathy Kiely, “Lawmakers Have Loved Ones in Combat Zone”, USA Today, January 23, 2007.

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Charles Rangel, “Why I Want the Draft”, New York News, November 22, 2006, p. 15.

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Ibid.

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Kennedy, “The Wages of a Mercenary Army”; см. также David M. Kennedy, “The Best Army We Can Buy”, New York Daily News, November 22, 2006, p. 15.

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Ibid., p. 13.

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Ibid., p. 16.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762), Book III, сhap. 15, translated by G. D. H. Cole (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1973).

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Doreen Carvajal, “Foreign Legion Turns to Internet in Drive for Recruits”, Boston Sunday Globe, November 12, 2006; Molly Moore, “Legendary Force Updates Its Image: Online Recruiting, Anti-Terrorist Activities Routine in Today’s French Foreign Legion”, Washington Post, May 13, 2007, p. A14.

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Julia Preston, “U.S. Military Will Offer Path to Citizenship”, New York Times, February 15, 2009, p. 1; Brean Bender, “Military Considers Recruiting Foreigners”, Boston Globe, December 26, 2006, p. 1.

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T. Christian Miller, “Contractors Outnumber Troops in Iraq”, Los Angeles Times, July 4, 2007.

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Peter W. Singer, “Can’t Win with ‘Em, Can’t Go to War Without ‘Em: Private Military Contractors and Counterinsurgency”, Brookings Institution, Foreign Policy Paper Series, September 2007, p. 3.

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Судя по требованиям страховых выплат, направленным в Министерство труда США, по состоянию на апрель 2008 г. в Ираке погибло 1292 человека, пошедших служить по контракту. Данные приведены в статье: Peter W. Singer, “Outsourcing the Fight”, Forbes, June 5, 2008. О том, что американские военные не ведут подсчет потерь среди служащих по контракту, см. Steve Fainaru, “Soldiers of Misfortune: Fighting a Parallel War in Iraq, Private Contractors Are Officially Invisible – Even in Death”, Washington Post, December 1, 2009, p. C1.

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Evan Thomas and March Hosenball, “The Man Behind Blackwater”, Newsweek, October 22, 2007, p. 36.

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Принса цитируют в статье: Mark Hemingway, “Warriors for Hire: Blackwater USA and the Rise of Private Military Contractors”, The Weekly Standard, December 18, 2006.

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Данные о доходе в размере 1 млрд долл., полученном Блэкуотером в Ираке, взяты из книги: Steve Fainaru, Big Boy Rule: America’s Mercenaries Fighting in Iraq (New York: Da Capo, 2008). Эти же данные процитированы в статье: Ralph Peters, Hired Guns”, Washington Post, December 21, 2008.

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Ginger Thompson and James Risen, “Five Guards Face U.S. Charges in Iraq Deaths”, New York Times, December 6, 2008.

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Singer, “Can’t Win with ‘Em”, p. 7.

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Факты, приводимые в этом и следующих разделах, взяты из решения судов по делам Baby M, 217 New Jersey Superior Court, 313 (1987) и Matter of Baby M, Supreme Court of New Jersey, 537 Atlantic Reporter, 2nd Series, 1227 (1988).

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Baby M, 217 New Jersey Superior Court, 313 (1987).

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Ibid., pp. 374–375.

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Ibid., p. 376.

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Ibid., p. 372.

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Ibid., p. 388.

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Matter of Baby M, Court of New Jersey, 537 Atlantic Reporter, 2nd Series, 1227 (1988).

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Ibid., p. 1248.

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Ibid.

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Ibid., p. 1249.

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Ibid.

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←137

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Ibid., pp. 1248–1249.

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Elizabeth S. Anderson, “Is Women’s Labor a Commodity?” Philosophy and Public Affairs 19 (Winter 1990): 71–92.

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Ibid., p. 77.

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Ibid., pp. 80–81.

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Ibid., p. 82.

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Susannah Cahalan, “Tug O’Love Baby M All Grown Up”, NewYork Post, April 13, 2008.

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Lorraine Ali and Raina Kelley, “The Curious Lives of Surrogates”, Newsweek, April 7, 2008; Debora L. Spar, The Baby Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, 2006), pp. 83–84.

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См. Spar, The Baby Business. С тех пор Спар стала президентом Барнард-колледжа.

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Ibid., p. 79.

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Ibid.

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Ibid., p. 80.

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Ibid., p. 81.

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Ibid.

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Sam Dolnick, “World Outsources Pregnancies to India”, Associated Press On-line, December 30, 2007.

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Ibid. См. также: Amelia Gentleman, “India Nurtures Business of Surrogate Motherhood”, New York Times, March 10, 2008, p. 9.

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Dolnick, “World Outsources Pregnancies to India”.

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Ibid.

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Gentleman, “India Nurtures Business of Surrogate Motherhood”.

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Об этой женщине и ее экономическом положении см. Dolnick, “World Outsources Pregnancies to India”.

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Ibid.

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См.: Kristine M. Korsgaard, “Introduction”, Ummanuek Kant, Groundwork of the Mentisphysics of Morals (Cambridge: Cambrinfge University Press, 1997), pp. cii–viii.

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Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), translated by H.J. Paton (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1964), p. 442. Читатели будут пользоваться разными изданиями перевода этой работы. Здесь я привожу стандартные номера страниц, взятые из издания Groundwork, осуществленного Прусской королевской академией в Берлине. В большинстве современных изданий Groundwork используют эти ссылки на страницы.