Внутренний голос. Почему мы говорим с собой и как это на нас влияет - Итан Кросс
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Подробнее см. в статье Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco and Lyubomirsky “Rethinking Rumination”; и Lyubomirsky et al. “Thinking About Rumination,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 11 (2015): 1–22.
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Подробнее о том, как напряженные социальные отношения способствуют усилению чувства социальной изоляции и одиночества, см. в статье Julianne Holt-Lunstad “Why Social Relationships Are Important for Physical Health: A Systems Approach to Understanding and Modifying Risk and Perception,” Annual Review of Psychology 69 (2018): 437–458; и Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Timothy B. Smith, Mark Baker, Tyler Harris and David Stephenson. “Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-analytic Review,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 10 (2015): 227–237.
Более подробно о печальных последствиях одиночества и социальной изоляции см. в статье John T. Cacioppo and Stephanie Cacioppo “The Growing Problem of Loneliness,” The Lancet 391 (2018): 426; Greg Miller. “Why Loneliness Is Hazardous to Your Health,” Science 14 (2011): 138–140; и Aparna Shankar, Anne McMunn, James Banks and Andrew Steptoe. “Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Behavioral and Biological Health Indicators in Older Adults,” Health Psychology 30 (2011): 377–385.
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Katie A. McLaughlin and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. “Interpersonal Stress Generation as a Mechanism Linking Rumination to Internalizing Symptoms in Early Adolescents,” Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 41 (2012): 584–597. Исследование Джона Качиоппо и его коллег делает акцент на взаимосвязи одиночества и сосредоточения на себе. John T. Cacioppo, Hsi Yuan Chen and Stephanie Cacioppo. “Reciprocal Influences Between Loneliness and Self-Centeredness: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis in a Population-Based Sample of African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian Adults,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43 (2017): 1125–1135.
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Susan Nolen-Hoeksema and Christopher G. Davis. “ ‘Thanks for Sharing That’: Ruminators and Their Social Support Networks,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999): 801–814.
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Thomas F. Denson et al. “Understanding Impulsive Aggression: Angry Rumination and Reduced Self-Control Capacity Are Mechanisms Underlying the Provocation-Aggression Relationships,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37 (2011): 850–862; и Brad J. Bushman. “Does Venting Anger Feed or Extinguish the Flame? Catharsis, Rumination, Distraction, Anger, and Aggressive Responding,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (2002): 724–731.
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Brad J. Bushman et al. “Chewing on It Can Chew You Up: Effects of Rumination on Triggered Displaced Aggression,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005): 969–983.
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Facebook Newsroom, Facebook, newsroom.fb.com/company-info/; и J. Clement. “Number of Monthly Active Twitter Users Worldwide from 1st Quarter 2010 to 1st Quarter 2019 (in Millions),” Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/282087/number-of-monthly-active-twitter-users/.
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Mina Choi and Catalina L. Toma. “Social Sharing Through Interpersonal Media: Patterns and Effects on Emotional Well-Being,” Computers in Human Behavior 36 (2014): 530–541; и Adriana M. Manago, Tamara Taylor and Patricia M. Greenfield. “Me and My 400 Friends: The Anatomy of College Students’ Facebook Networks, Their Communication Patterns, and Well-Being,” Developmental Psychology 48 (2012): 369–380.
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Результаты одного из исследований, которое провели мы с коллегами, ярко это иллюстрируют. Пассивное посещение Facebook (то есть просмотр информации о других пользователях) ухудшает эмоциональное состояние, тогда как активное использование того же ресурса (то есть производство информации с его помощью) – нет. См. Philippe Verduyn et al. “Passive Facebook Usage Undermines Affective Well-Being: Experimental and Longitudinal Evidence,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144 (2015): 480–488. Более подробно см. в статье Philippe Verduyn et al. “Do Social Network Sites Enhance or Undermine Subjective Well-Being? A Critical Review,” Social Issues and Policy Review 11 (2017): 274–302.
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Jamil Zaki. The War for Kindness: Building Empathy in a Fractured World (New York: Crown, 2019); и Frans B. M. de Waal and Stephanie Preston. “Mammalian Empathy: Behavioural Manifestations and Neural Basis,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 18 (2017): 498–509.
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Rimé. “Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion.”
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John Suler. “The Online Disinhibition Effect,” Cyberpsychology and Behavior 3 (2004): 321–326; Noam Lapidot-Lefler and Azy Barak. “Effects of Anonymity, Invisibility, and Lack of Eye-Contact on Toxic Online Disinhibition,” Computers in Human Behavior 28 (2012): 434–443; и Christopher Terry and Jeff Cain. “The Emerging Issue of Digital Empathy,” American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 80 (2016): 58.
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Committee on the Biological and Psychosocial Effects of Peer Victimization: Lessons for Bullying Prevention, National Academy of Sciences Report; Michele P. Hamm et al. “Prevalence and Effect of Cyberbullying on Children and Young People,” JAMA Pediatrics, Aug. 2015; Robin M. Kowalski et al. “Bullying in the Digital Age: A Critical Review and Meta-analysis of Cyberbullying Research Among Youth,” Psychological Bulletin 140 (2014): 1073–1137; и Robert Tokunaga. “Following You Home from School: A Critical Review and Synthesis of Research on Cyber-bullying Victimization,” Computers in Human Behavior 26 (2010): 277–287.
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Достигнув максимума, эмоции обычно начинают ослабевать. Philippe Verduyn, Iven Van Mechelen and Francis Tuerlinckx. “The Relation Between Event Processing and the Duration of Emotional Experience,” Emotion 11 (2011): 20–28; и Philippe Verduyn et al. “Predicting the Duration of Emotional Experience: Two Experience Sampling Studies,” Emotion 9 (2009): 83–91.
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Caitlin McLaughlin and Jessica Vitak. “Norm Evolution and Violation on Facebook,” New Media and Society 14 (2012): 299–315; и Emily M. Buehler. “ ‘You Shouldn’t Use Facebook for That’: Navigating Norm Violations While Seeking Emotional Support on Facebook,” Social Media and Society 3 (2017): 1–11.
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Jiyoung Park et al. “When Perceptions Defy Reality: The Relationships Between Depression and Actual and Perceived Facebook Social Support,” Journal of Affective Disorders 200 (2016): 37–44.
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Подробное описание двух основных ролей, которые мы играем в повседневной жизни, см. в книге Ирвинга Гоффмана: Гоффман И. Представление себя другим в повседневной жизни. – М.: Канон-Пресс-Ц, Кучково Поле, 2000. А также Mark R. Leary and Robin M. Kowalski. “Impression Management: A Literature Review and Two-Component Model,” Psychological Bulletin 107 (1990): 34–47.
