Английский язык: самоучитель - Денис Шевчук

Modal verbs

Модальные глаголы

Модальные глаголы в английском языке используются очень часто. Модальными они называются потому, что у них имеются не все формы, какие есть у обычных глаголов. Необходимо запомнить имеющиеся у них формы и способы их употребления

1. can – мочь, уметь

Форма прошедшего времени – could/couldn’t

Будущей формы у этого модального глагола нет. Используется конструкция – will/won’t be able to.

2. must – должен

mustn’t – нельзя (запрет)

Нет ни формы прошедшего, ни формы будущего времени. Используется конструкция had to/will have to. В настоящем времени может использоваться конструкция have to/has to со значением «вынужден». Отрицание don’t have to/doesn’t have to – нет необходимости, не нужно (сравните с mustn’t).

3. may– можно, выражение разрешения

Существует только форма настоящего времени

You may turn left here.

May I come in?

You may not put it on.

4. should/ought to – следует (Синонимы, но ought употребляется всегда с «to» и преимущественно в утвердительных предложениях, в то время как should – во всех.)

Существует только форма настоящего времени.

You should give way.

You shouldn’t overtake on this piece of road.

Should I cook it now?

He ought to stop at the traffic lights.

5. be to – должен по плану, по договоренности

Существуют формы прошедшего was to/were to и настоящего времени is to/are to/am to. Чаще всего употребляется в утвердительной форме.

1. Translate the sentences.

Переведите предложения.

1. Pedestrians mustn’t cross the road here.

2. You should follow my advice.

3. The learners are to take a test on Tuesday.

4. We will have to hire two new workers.

5. You mustn’t allow your children to speak to you like that.

6. Did he have to fill in this form?

7. We were to buy two agricultural vehicles last Saturday.

8. I won’t be able to deal with these people.

9. I will have to move faster.

10. May I park on the yellow line?

2. Complete the sentences.

Дополните предложения.

3. Match the sentences.

Найдите соответствующий перевод.

4. Write the missing sentences with must and can.

Впишите недостающие предложения, используя модальные глаголы must и can.

5. Change the sentences according to the pattern.

Измените предложения, используя образец.

Example: It will be necessary for you to follow my advice.

You will have to follow my advice.

6. Extend the statements using different modal verbs.

Продолжите утверждения, используя различные модальные глаголы.

Example: Fred is going to the theatre.

He will have to put on a white shirt.

He shouldn’t be late.

He is to meet his girl-friend at seven at the theatre.

7. Translate the sentences into English.

Переведите предложения на английский язык.

8. Fill in the table. Make up sentences to illustrate the following grammar. Use the words given.

Заполните таблицу. Составьте предложения, используя предложенные грамматические структуры. Используйте данные слова.

READINGAND SPEAKING PRACTICE

1. Answer the questions.

Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What does the sign no entry mean?

2. When must we give way to other vehicles?

3. On which pieces of road is there no overtaking?

4. What do drivers have to do at the T-junction?

5. Where and when do drivers have to reduce speed?

6. If the brakes don’t work what must the driver do at once?

7. Why is it difficult to park a car in the centre of a city?

8. Do you have to deal with numerous people from numerous walks of life?

9. What do police cater for?

10. Why do we sometimes have to rent a car?

11. What is the most important thing for a learner driver?

2. Agree or disagree. Use different expressions.

Выразите согласие или несогласие. Используйте различные речевые образцы.

1. There are too many cars in the city streets now.

2. The job of a policeman is boring.

3. Police don’t allow agricultural vehicles to drive in city streets.

4. On average every family in Russia has a car.

5. The police cater for all the people they have to deal with.

6. Pedal cyclists can’t ride along the streets of Moscow.

7. People of numerous walks of life use city transport.

3. Speak about some of the places in your town. Say where they are, how you can drive there, what signs you can see on the way there.

Расскажите о некоторых местах в своем городе. Скажите, где они находятся, как можно проехать туда на машине, какие дорожные знаки встречаются на пути.

…

…

4. Make up short stories using the words from the Active Vocabulary.

Составьте небольшие рассказы, используя данные слова.

A. to advise, to move, in a hurry, on average, motorway, danger;

B. learner, dangerous, ready, to overtake, agricultural vehicles, varied, to repair;

C. to allow, to give way, pedestrian, numerous, bend, shift, to flow, safe;

D. to hire, to reduce speed, to fill in, motorcycle, to follow advice, crossing, to enter, numerous walks of life.

5. Read the dialogues and try to learn them.

Прочитайте диалог и постарайтесь его запомнить.

I julia: excuse me.

Policeman: Yes, madam?

Julia: Could you tell me the way to South Street, please?

Policeman: Of course. Turn right here. It’s the second on the right.

Julia: Thank you.

Policeman: Oh, madam. You can’t park here.

Julia: But I won’t be long. I’ll only be a few minutes.

Policeman: Sorry, madam. You’ll have to move it. You are parked on a yellow line. And there’s the sign. Look.

Julia: Ten minutes. I’m in a hurry. I have to go back to work.

Policeman: Sorry, madam. You’ll have to use the car park.

Julia: Do I have to use the car park?

Policeman: Yes. This is a No Parking area.

Julia: And where is the car park.

Policeman: It’s not far from here. Turn right, drive along Dane Street and you are there.

II james: good afternoon. is my car ready?

Receptionist: Mr Brady?

James: Yes.

Receptionist: Oh, dear. Bad news, I’m afraid.

James: What is it?

Receptionist: There is something wrong with the brakes. And one of the lights doesn’t work.

James: When will you be able to repair them?

Receptionist: The light is no problem. But the breaks? We won’t be able to repair the brakes before next week, I’m afraid.

James: But I am to drive to Edinburgh tomorrow.

Receptionist: Would you like to rent a car? I’ll give you a special price. Just fill in a form and off you go.

6. Make up your own dialogues using the following phrases.

Составьте свои диалоги, используя следующие фразы.

7. Read this text.

Прочитайте текст.

Mark Hill, a motorway policeman

Mark Hill is a motorway policeman. He works in a very dangerous place – on the motorway M1. He is going to speak about his work. He would also like to tell us who can and who can’t drive on the motorway.

The people who can’t are pedal cyclists, motorcyclists with a certain cc motorcycle, agricultural vehicles and learner drivers.

Policemen work in shifts. There are four shifts a day. The motorway is never safe. There are three or four accidents per shift. When there is an accident, there are three steps the police have to take. First, they must stop the traffic movement on this piece of road. Second, they must cater for any injured people. They must make sure they are safe. Then, they must clear the road as quickly as possible to enable the traffic to flow again.

Mark has a varied working day. He says he deals with numerous people from numerous walks of life. He gives some advice to learner drivers and they follow it.

A. Retell the text.

Перескажите текст.

B. Ask five questions about the text.

Задайте пять вопросов к тексту.

C. Answer the questions.

Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What’s Mark Hill’s job?

2. What does he think about his job?

3. Who can’t drive on the motorway?

4. Why is the motorway never safe?

5. What do the police do when there is an accident?

6. How many accidents happen a day?

7. Does Mark deal with learner drivers?

8. Why is Mark’s job very important?

ASSIGNMENT 5

LESSON 5

Find a mistake in each line. The first is done for you.

Найдите ошибку в каждой из строк. Первая строка дана как пример.

Fill in the correct words taking them from the box below.There are two extra words you don’t need.

Дополните предложения словами по смыслу. Два из данных слов лишние.

Fill, walks, varied, follow, entry, shifts, extent, safe, hurry, allow, speed, flow

Fill in the necessary prepositions where necessary.

Вставьте нужные предлоги, где необходимо.

Translate the sentences.

Переведите предложения.

LESSON 6. How things work

LEAD-IN

1. Answer the questions about yourself.

Напишите ответы на вопросы о себе.

1. Do you often work with various equipment?

2. What should you do when you work with equipment?

3. What mustn’t you do when you work with equipment?

4. What equipment do you have at home/at work?

5. Do you allow your children to work with this equipment?

6. Can you describe the situation when there was something wrong with your equipment?

7. Who always repairs the things at your house?

8. What equipment are you to buy soon?

9. What equipment may be dangerous?

10. Where do you usually buy new things for your house? Why there?

2. Say what you should do with your equipment and what you shouldn’t/mustn’t do. Use the verbs given.

Скажите, как Вы должны обращаться с оборудованием и приборами, и как вы не должны поступать. Используйте данные глаголы.

To use, to place, to repair, to clean, to learn, to allow, to move, to confirm, to decide, to look at/after

3. Complete the sentences.

Дополните предложения.

1. I won’t be able to…………………………………………………………………………….

2. The pedestrians had to……………………………………………………………………….

3. Did they have to……………………………………………………………………………..?

4. The learners shouldn’t……………………………………………………………………….

5. Children mustn’t……………………………………………………………………………..

6. Passengers shouldn’t…………………………………………………………………………

7. You may………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Traffic police are to…………………………………………………………………………..

9. We couldn’t…………………………………………………………………………………..

10. Motorcyclists ought to………………………………………………………………………