Новые законы робототехники. Апология человеческих знаний в эпоху искусственного интеллекта - Фрэнк Паскуале

514

Ibid., 44–45. Ребекка Крутоф широко применяла понятие правонарушения в этой области. См.: Rebecca Crootof, “War Torts: Accountability for Autonomous Weapons,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 164 (2016): 1347–1402.

515

См., например: Samir Chopra and Laurence White, Legal Theory of Autonomous Artificial Agents (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011).

516

Dustin A. Lewis, Gabriella Blum, and Naz K. Modirzadeh, “War-Algorithm Accountability,” Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict Research Briefing, August 2016, https://papers.ssrn.com/soi3/papers.cfmPabstract_icD2832734. В целом работа по атрибуции дронов уже ведется. См.: Joseph Lorenzo Hall, “ ‘License Plates’ for Drones,” CDTBlog, March 8, 2013, https://cdt.org/blog/license-plates-for-drones/.

517

См., например: Hall, “License Plates for Drones”; 14 C.F.R. § 48.100 (2016): в августе 2016 г. все небольшие беспилотные летательные аппараты, за исключением моделей самолетов, требовали регистрации. Об опасностях ^атрибутированных полетов дронов см.: A. Michael Froomkin and Р. Zak Colangelo, “Self-Defense against Robots and Drones,” Connecticut Law Review 48 (2015): 1-70.

518

Ellen Nakashima, “Cyber Researchers Confirm Russian Government Hack of Democratic National Committee,” Washington Post, June 20, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cyber-researchers-confirm-russian-government-hack-of-democratic-national-committee/20i6/o6/20/e7375bco-3719-ne6-9ccd-d6oo5beac8b3_story.html?utm_term=.9oafb7ecbcc6; Man-diant Consulting, “M-Trends 2016,” February 2016, https://www2. fireeye.com/PPC-m-trends-2016-trends-statistics-mandiant.html.

519

Paul Ohm, “The Fourth Amendment in a World without Privacy,” Mississippi Law Journal 81 (2012): 1346–1347.

520

Paul Scharre, “The False Choice of Humans vs. Automation,” Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 30 (2016): 151–165.

521

Nick Bilton, “Fake News Is about to Get Even Scarier Than You Ever Dreamed,” Vanity Fair, January 26, 2017, http://www.vanityfair.com/ news/2017/oi/fake-news-technology.

522

Paul Ohm and Jonathan Frankel, “Desirable Inefficiency,” Florida Law Review 70 (2018): 777–838. Понятие «гарнизонного государства» было разработано в: Harold D. Lasswell, “The Garrison State,” American Journal of Sociology 46, no. 4 (1941): 455–468.

523

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, “World Military Expenditure Grows to $1.8 Trillion in 2018,” Sipri, April 29, 2019, https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2019/world-military-expenditure-grows-18-trillion-2018.

524

Christopher A. Preble, The Power Problem: How American Military Dominance Makes Us Less Safe, Less Prosperous, and Less Free (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009); John Mueller and Mark Stewart, Chasing Ghosts: The Policing of Terrorism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

525

Цит. по: Katrin Bennhold, “ ‘Sadness’ and Disbelief from a World Missing American Leadership, New York Times, April 23, 2020.

526

Andrew Bacevich, The Age of Illusions: How America Squandered Its Cold War Victory (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2020); Nikhil Pal Singh, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft, “Enough Toxic Militarism,” Quincy Brief, December 4, 2019, https://quincyinst. org/2019/12/04/quincy-brief-enough-toxic-militarism/.

527

T. X. Hammes, “The Future of Warfare: Small, Many, Smart vs. Few & Exquisite?” War on the Rocks, July 16, 2014, https://warontherocks. com/2014/07/the-future-of-warfare-small-many-smart-vs-few-exquisite/.

528

Sulmaan Wasif Khan, Haunted by Chaos: China’s Grand Strategy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 232. Применение Си Цзиньпином «военной силы подорвало более важную стратегическую цель, которую намеревались достичь с ее помощью, а именно стабильность в соседних странах. Такие страны, как Япония и Вьетнам, не отступили, когда столкнулись с угрозой рыболовецкого ополчения и авианосцев. Демонстрация силы, видимо, подтолкнула их самих наращивать военную мощь».

529

Henry Farrell, “Seeing Like a Finite State Machine,” Crooked Timber (blog), November 25, 2019, http://crookedtimber.org/2019/11/25/ seeing-like-a-finite-state-machine/.

530

Robert A. Burton, “Donald Trump, Our A. I. President,” New York Times, May 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/o5/22/opinion/ donald-trump-our-ai-president.html.

531

John Glaser, Christopher H. Preble, and A. Trevor Thrall, Fuel to the Fire: How Trump Made America’s Broken Foreign Policy Even Worse (and How We Can Recover) (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2019).

532

Bernard Harcourt, Critique and Praxis (New York: Columbia University Press, 2020).

533

Etel Solingen, Nuclear Logics: Contrasting Paths in East Asia and the Middle East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 253.

534

Noam Schreiber and Kate Conger, “The Great Google Revolt,” New York Times Magazine, February 18, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/ interactive/2020/02/18/magazine/google-revolt.html; Letter from Google Employees to Sundar Pichai, Google Chief Executive, 2018, https://statico1.nyt.com/files/2018/technology/googleletter.pdf; Scott Shane and Daisuke Wakabayashi, “ ‘The Business of War’: Google Employees Protest Work for the Pentagon,” New York Times, April 4, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/o4/o4/technology/google-letter-ceo-pentagon-project.html.

535

Kate Conger, “Google Removes ‘Don’t Be Evil’ Clause from Its Code of Conduct,” Gizmodo, May 18, 2018, https://gizmodo.com/google-removes-nearly-all-mentions-of-dont-be-evil-from-1826153393.

536

Tom Upchurch, “How China Could Beat the West in the Deadly Race for Al Weapons,” Wired, August 8, 2018, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ artificial-intelligence-weapons-warfare-project-maven-google-china.

537

Elsa В Kania, “Chinese Military Innovation in the Al Revolution,” RUSI Journal 164, nos. 5–6 (2019): 26–34. «В китайском Тяньцзине новый военно-гражданский центр обработки информации с применением ИИ… расположенный рядом с Национальным суперкомпыотерным центром, был создан местным правительством в партнерстве с Академией военных наук».

538

Ashwin Acharya and Zachary Arnold, Chinese Public Al R&D Spending: Provisional Findings (Washington, DC: Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2019), https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/up-loads/Chinese-Public-AI-RD-Spending-Provisional-Findings-i.pdf. Ачарья и Арнольд выяснили, что затраты Китая на военный ИИ ниже ранее предполагавшихся.

539

Luciano Floridi and Mariarosaria Taddeo, eds., The Ethics of Information Warfare (Cham, CH: Springer, 2014); Singer and Brooking, LikeWar.

540

Samuel Bowles and Arjun Jayadev, “Guard Labor: An Essay in Honor of Pranab Bardhan,” University of Massachusetts Amherst Working Paper 2004–2015 (2004), https://scholarworks.umass.edu/econ_workingpaper/63/; Harold Lasswell, “The Garrison State,” American Journal of Sociology 46 (1941): 455–468.

541

Ryan Gallagher, “Cameras Linked to Chinese Government